Audio/Acoustics

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Contents

A

decay time

Decay time (ger. Abfallzeit) is the time that elapses in which the sound pressure level (or any other characteristic given) by a value drops to another, both values, the starting value and the target must be explicitly set out. A common unit for the description of the decay time of sound is per second decibels (dB / s).

  • Note 1: The decay constant characterizes the exponential course of the sound decay after the sound source was stopped (unit: s-1).
  • Note 2: If p0 the effective pressure at time t = 0 and p(t) the effective pressure at time t, and both follow the relationship: p(t) = p0 * ek * t then k is the decay constant.
absolute hearing

see #absolute pitch

absolute pitch

Absolute pitch (ger. Absolutes Gehör) is a person's ability to pitch (identify) any clear sine tone frequency (musical note) without an external reference.

  • Remark: The identification of emerging permissible error variance has to be specified (see Perfect pitch).
  • Remark: Mostly a musical note is identified not a frequency value.
adaptation

Adaptation (ger. Adaption) ...

Adaptive psychophysical method

A psychophysical adaptive method (ger. adaptive psychophysikalische Methode) is primarily for the determination of thresholds set up for this procedure is the charm size depending on the response of the subject to the previously stated charm. The size can be a stimulus) under the direct control of the subject, or b) it is the investigator adjusted depending on the number of previously delivered right or wrong answers.

chord

A chord (Engl. chord) consists of three or more simultaneously erklingenden notes. In general use, the individual components three or four half away (small, large third; triad, Tetrachord, Sept chord).

  • Note: The harmony without taking into account the intervals is called cluster [Moorer, 1975].
chord progress exceeded

Fort chord exceeded (Engl. chord progression) is a sequence of chords, a Fort homorhythmische misuse of sounds, from complex tones are compounded (musically: notes). [PAR]

chord fundamental

A chord fundamental (English bass fondamentale) is a physically non-existent, hinzugedachter tone in Baßlage, see Virtual pitch. [TER]

chord class

Under a chord chords class (English class chord) is those whose grades only by the Chroma (pitch-class).

  • Note: examples of a chord class: CEG, c2-e2-g2 or g1-e2-c3. The chords can be inverted or doubled (see Stimmakkord? .. Chord mood?).
chord final position

Final chord position (Engl. chord close-position), the mood is a chord class with the lowest and the highest grade less than an octave away. [PAR]

Acoustics
  1. Acoustics (Engl. Acoustics) is the science of sound, including its production, transmission and effects.
  2. The acoustics of a space is the totality of those properties that a particular sound field characteristics, and thus a sensation cause hearing.
acoustically

The qualifying word acoustic properties (Engl. acoustic, acoustical) means producing, arising from, as updated by, in relation to, or associated with sound, in short, the sound on. In English acoustic used in the technical sense, if the term should refer to something that is compatible with the properties, size or physical characteristics of the sound waves associated. Acoustical is needed if the qualifying term is not explicitly such properties, size or physical characteristics. The distinction between acoustic and acoustical is not in German.

  • Note 1: Examples of the name are acoustic physical terms such as impedance, Inertanz, cargo, sound power, energy, wave, medium, signal transmission, absorption, transmission, etc.
  • Note 2: acoustical is used, if not directly a physical reference is to be created, such as: Society, method, engineering, education, glossary, a symbol, problem, measurement, point of view, use, investment, standards, etc.
Acoustic reflex

(Engl. stapedius reflex, tensor tympani reflex), see Stapedius, Tensor Tympani

Acoustic trauma

An acoustic trauma (Engl. acoustic trauma) is a violation of the ear, caused by a sudden and intense acoustic charm of a temporary hearing loss or permantenten to some extent.

  • Note 1: Explosionsknalle or other intense noise events are examples of such stimuli.
Acoustic shadow

see sound shadow

Acoustic scattering

Acoustic scattering (Engl. acoustic scattering) is the irregular reflection, refraction or diffraction a sound in many directions.

algorithm

Algorithm (Engl. Algorithm; algorithm): An algorithm is a systematic procedure for evaluating a mathematical function; quantitative model. [PAR]

Allpaß network

Allpaß Network (Engl. All-pass network; Allpaß Network): A Allpaß Network is a network, which phase shifts or time delays introduced without a significant slowdown at any frequency cause.

Amplitude

Amplitude (Engl. amplitude; amplitude): amplitude is the peak (peak) value of a function, see Peak, RMS, Average amplitude.

Amplitude spectrum

Amplitude spectrum (Engl. amplitude spectrum; amplitude spectrum): The amplitude spectrum of a time is a function describing the same in their components, each with a different frequency and (usually) different amplitude (see spectrum, phase spectrum).

Anacusis

Anacusis (syn deafness).

Analysis

Analysis (Sheet Analysis; analysis): The term analysis is in the psycho-acoustics mainly used in the following context: a) spectral analysis and time, b) Analytical listening and c) Musical analysis. [PAR]

Analytical Listen

Analytical Listening (Engl. analytical listening; Analytical listening): analytical listening is the way a sound sensation in one or more components of a complex sinusoidale Tones (sound) diskriminativ be heard, the sensation of sinusoidalen components outweigh the overall sensation of sound allowing several pitches simultaneously heard. The ratios between the different pitches are affected more by commonality pitch by pitch as close. [PAR]

Anchor attraction

Anchor attraction (Engl. anchor sound; anchor attraction): Under the anchor attraction is the invariant attraction, which - usually in a psychoacoustic experiment - with a number of stimuli compared, in one or more stimulus sizes differ. [PAR]

Antiphasig

Antiphasig (Engl. Antiphasic; Antiphasig): Antiphasig refers to the condition in which the stage or the time difference of the signal, which is offered each ear, is a fixed, different from 0 value of the phase or the time difference a noise at each Ear is different.

  • Note: An example of a antiphasige condition is such that when the phase of the signal in one ear, relative to other vice versa (opposition), while the phase noise in both ears is offered.
Anti-resonance

Anti-resonance (Engl. antiresonance; anti-resonance): For a system in forced anti-vibration resonance exists at a point when even the smallest change in the excitation frequency an increase in system response (response) at this point causes.

Mean value

Mean value (Eng: arithmetic mean, average): See mean.

Atonal

Atonal (Engl. atonal; Atonal): With atonal music that is described in the harmonious relationships should be avoided (eg Zwölftonmusik), it follows that little or no sensation of a tonal center. [PAR]

Attitude

Attitude (Engl. attitude; Attitude): Different way of a sound sensation, for example: analytical versus holistic, spontaneous, versus inzidentell willingly, intentional, etc. [PAR]

Attribute

Attribute (Engl. audio frequency; audio frequency): An audio frequency is every frequency to a normally audible sound wave.

  1. The range of audio frequencies is (roughly) between 15 Hz and 20000 Hz
  2. The word audio can also be used to a device or a system to designate which in the field of audio frequencies; example: audio amplifier.
Audio grams thresholds

Audiogram, emerging audio grams (Engl. audiogram, audiogram threshold; audio grams): An audio grams is a curve, the hearing loss as a function of frequency.

Audio grams masking

Audiogram, masking audio grams (Engl. masking audiogram; audio grams, Maskierungs): A mask audiogram is a graphical representation of masking the noise by a particular cause. The curve shows the masking in dB as a function of frequency of the masked sound.

Aurale Harmonic

Aurale Harmonic (Engl. aural harmonic; Aurale Harmonic): See harmonics, aurale.

Auditiv

Auditiv (Engl. auditory, auditory; Auditiv): The qualifying property auditory word means hearing relating to the hearing related gehörmäßig.

Auditorisches System (Engl. auditory system; Auditorisch). Psychophysiologisches system, ear, auditory nerve (Engl. auditory nerve), and auditory pathway cortex (Engl. auditory pathway, auditory area;), including where the hearing process expires.

Auditori rulers electricity

Auditori rulers current (Engl. auditory stream; Auditori current ruler): In the hearing sensation to gestalthaften elements zusammenfaßbare Warhnehmungsinhalte, the horizontal (ie in their time) deliberately structured.

  • Note: Auditory streaming improves the visibility of complex signals, with relevant and irrelevant information parameters separately processed.

B

bandwidth

The nominal bandwidth (ger. Bandbreite) of a filter is given by the difference between the upper and the lower cut-off-frequency. This difference may be expressed (1) in Hertz, (2) as percentage of the center frequency of the pass-band or (3) as the interval defined by the upper and lower cut-off-frequency in octaves (i.e. 1 octave, 1/3 octave)

  • Remark: For more definitions see also USA Standard Method for Specifying the Characteristics of Analyzers Used for the Analysis of Sounds and Vibrations, Z24.15-1955
band power level

The band power level (ger. Band-Leistungspegel) of a sound for a specific wave band is the sound power level of a sound within a limited wave band.

band pressure level

The band pressure level (ger. Band-Schallpegel) of a sound for a specific wave band is the sound pressure level of a sound within a limited wave band.

  • Remark: The wave band may be specified by its lower and upper cut-off-frequency or by its pass-band and the bandwidth. The bandwidth of the band may be specified as follows: octave-band (sound) pressure, half-octave-band pressure, third-octave-band pressure, 50-Hz-band pressure.
Acceleration

(Engl. acceleration; acceleration): acceleration is a vector of the change of speed.

Bark

(Engl. Bark, Bark): Bark is the unity of the Tonheit. The frequency bandwidth of a frequency group (critical band), 1 Bark (named after Barkhausen).

  • Note: The scale of the Tonheit in Bark can from the frequency in Hz approximated calculated as follows (frequency (f) in kHz, arctan in Radiant):
  • Zc / Bark = 13 arctan (0.76 f / kHz) + 3.5 arctan (f / 7.5 kHz) 2
bass

(English bass; bass): Lowest note a chord (see chord root); low frequency or pitch register. [PAR]

Binaural

(Engl. binaural; Binaural): Binaural refers to beidohriges hearing.

Binaural Schwebungen

(Engl. binaural beats; Schwebungen, binaural): Under binauralen Schwebungen is the phenomenon that two (primary) sounds using frequencies f1 and f2, each ear separately offered a periodic change in the degree of Lateralisation generate the rate of Change is done with the Schwebungsfrequenz of the resulting Sekundärtones (f1 - f2), see also Drehton. [BEK]

Binaural Diplakusis

(Engl. binaural diplacusis; Diplakusis, binaural): Under the condition otologischen Binaural Diplakusis calls a sine wave same frequency a different pitch in one ear and out the other.

  • Note: Binaural Diplakusis is a lesser extent also in normal hearing.
Binaurales Trading Ratio

(Engl. binaural trading ratio; Binaurales Trading Ratio): The Binaural trading ratio is the size, which is determined by adjusting the arrival time and / or pressure levels of the two ears dichotisch presented stimuli, so the sound lateralisiert to the median level of the head. The Binaural trading ratio is formed from the interauralen time difference in microseconds divided by the sound pressure level in decibels difference.

C

cut-off-frequency

The cutoff frequency (ger. Grenzfrequenz, Eckfrequenz) is the frequency nearest to the center frequency where the level exceeds ±3dB.

Cent

(Engl. cents; cents): The cent is an interval between two tones with a fundamental frequency ratio of zwölfhundertsten root of the 2nd

  • Note 1: The interval in between two cents 1200mal frequencies is the logarithm to the base 2 of the frequency relationship. Therefore, equal to 12 cents in 1200 equal to half tempered tones, like a octave.
  • Note 2:
Cents = 1200. log2 (f2 / f1) = 3.986. log10 (f2 / f1)
Cents = 1200. log10 (f2 / f1) / log10 (2)
chroma

(Engl. chroma; chroma): Chroma is a pitch-class without specification of Oktavregisters, the interval in between semitones of the pitch and the nächtstieferen category C is as follows: Chroma of C3 is 0, Des5 1, is of F4 5, etc. [PAR]

Chromatischer circle

(Engl. chroma cycle; chroma): Musiktheoretisches construct of Chroma, a Uhrziffernblatt emulated with C at 12h, Cis in 1h, D 2h etc. [PAR]

chroma saturation

(Engl. chroma salience; chroma): perceptual measure of the importance of a certain Chroma in a musical sound or sound in a sequence, perceived by the average listener or ideal. [PAR]

chroma-census

(Engl. chroma tally; chroma): Calculated average Chroma noticed how often; measure of the chroma saturation.

Chroma probability

(Engl. chroma probability; chroma): Calculated probability of a chroma noticed; measure of the chroma saturation.

chromatic scale

(Engl. chromatic scale; chroma): pitch scale with 12 categories in nearly the same distance within the octave; bercumaural scale; Circumaural). Circumaural refers to the condition: the ear umschließend (eg circumaurale headphones).

D

decacy time

decay time (ger. Abfallzeit) In general it is the time between a sound pressure level and a lower sound pressure level. Both levels have to be defined explicitly. It is also useful to describe the decay time as speed of lowering sound pressure level (db/sec).

  • Note1: The decay time constant characterizes the exponential decacy of sound after stopping the sound source (Unit: s-1).
  • Note2: If p0 is the effective sound pressure after stopping the sound source at t = 0 and p(t) is the effective sound pressure level at t, and p(t) = p0*e-k*t is imperative, then k is the decay constant.
Damping

(Engl. damping; damping): Decay is the transformation (dissipation) of a form of energy into another over time or distance.

decibels

(Engl. Decibel; decibels): The decibel is a tenth of a Bel. The decibel is a unit of a level if the base of the 10th logarithm Root of 10 is the appropriate and proportional to the size performance.

  • Note 1: Examples of such sizes: performance (any form), sound pressure squared, particle velocity squared, sound intensity, sound energy density, voltage squared, therefore, is a unit of the decibel sound squared (actually: the level of sound pressure squared), at the practice is simply the expression of sound pressure level used when no likelihood of confusion.
  • Note 2: The logarithm to the base of the 10th Root of 10 is equal to 10 times the logarithm to the base 10; eg applies to the number X2: log10 (1 / 10) X2 = 10 log10 X2 = 20 log10 X. The last term is normally used definition of sound.
  • Note 3 examples: 1 decibels is the sound pressure level of an equal dem10 (1 / 20) times the reference pressure; r decibels is the level of a pressure equal to the r/20) 10 (times the reference pressure, etc.
  • See also Computing with decibels.
decibels

(A), (dB (A) A rating): The human ear sounds feels the same pressure, depending on the frequency (pitch) differently loud. Thus, relatively high sounds louder than felt deep tones. To wahrnehmungsgetreue metrological collection of noises to allow the facts of a fre-quency volume sensation in Lärmmeßgeräten by the fact that the occurring of the frequencies to be measured noise in the sound level meter to adapt to the human hearing organ with the help of various filters strongly attenuated.

Dichotisch

(Engl. dichotic; Dichotisch): Dichotisch refers to the condition of hearing the sound stimulus to the one ear is presented is different to the other ear offered.

  • Note: The charm may vary in relation to the sound pressure, frequency, phase (time), duration, the bandwidth, etc.
Differenzton

(Engl. difference tone; Differenzton): A Differenzton tone is a combination of frequency equal to the difference between the frequencies of two primary tones or its harmonics (see combination tone).

Diotisch

(Engl. diotic; Diotisch): Diotisch refers to the condition of hearing the sound stimulus to the one ear is fairly presented, is identical to that offered to the other ear.

throttling, partial masking

(Engl. partial masking; throttling): Under throttling (partial concealment) is the reduction in loudness of a sound by the presence of other Schälle.

transparency

(Engl. transparency, transparency): transparency is at Musikdarbeitungen the distinctness of temporary successive sounds and noises and simultaneously erklingende instruments and voices.

E

Echo

(Engl. echo; Echo): An echo is a reflection or in some other way (such as artificial) zurückkommende shaft with sufficiently large amplitude and delay, so that they separated (time, maybe even physically) from the shaft directly transferred to be exercised.

Efficient

(German efficiency, effectiveness):

  1. The effectiveness of a plant in terms of physical size, are either saved or transformed, is the relationship between the output of usable size and the total input.
  2. The effectiveness (eta) of a detector is the signal-to-energy noise ratio (SNR) of an ideal detector divided by the signal-to-noise ratio of the energy is in custody detector, if both detectors the same task to solve.
  • Note 1: Unless otherwise specified, the term refers to performance effectiveness (Power).
  • Note 2: A detector test, a person or another, decisions taken institution.
Eigenfrequency

(Engl. natural frequency; natural frequency): The natural frequency of a system is the frequency with which the system swing. For a system with multiple degrees of freedom are the natural frequencies normal modes of vibration.

Sensation

(English sensation; sensation): sensation is an element of the response from the influencing a stimulus to a sensory receptor results.

  • Note: A sensation size is the name of not unterteilbare elements (elements) of sensation on separately to be respected [NTG 1704]
Sensory level, above the threshold level

(English sensation level (SL); level above threshold; sensory level): The level of a sensation Schalles is always the sound pressure level in dB above the hearing threshold test of a single person or a specified group of test subjects.

Externalisation

(Engl. externalization; outsourcing): outsourcing is the perception, which is a subject allows for a sound event outside of the head and a sound source to identify.

  • Note 1: It is assumed that head movements and the resulting changes in the interauralen sound and the resulting phase differences allow this perception (see head-art stereo).
  • Note 2: by determining the position of appearing made sound source perception is called localization (see localization, auditory).

F

forward masking

(ger. Nachverdeckung): see also "masking".

Wrong alarm

(Engl. false alarm; false alarm): With a false alarm is the one event in a detection situation during a specified interval observation means in which to a "plain noise" stimulus (input) a "signal" response (output). A false alarm, for example, if the response event stimulus event shows even though there is no stimulus was necessary, P (S | n) see also hit, error, correct rejection.

Error

(Engl. miss; errors): With error is that in an event detection situation during a specified interval observation means in which to a "signal" stimulus (input) a "noise-only" response (output). An error, for example, if the response event no stimulus event shows even though a stimulus was necessary, P (N | s) see also hit, Wrong alarm, correct rejection.

filters, wave

(Engl. wave filter, filter).

  1. A (wave) filter is a transformer for the separation of waves on the basis of their frequency. It leads through relatively small losses in the leakage area of one or more frequency bands and relatively large for all other frequencies.
  2. Bandpaß filter (Engl. band-pass filter; Bandpaß filter). A Bandpaß filter is a (wave) filters with a single discount (band) which is a certain critical or (lower) limit will be greater than 0 Hz is up to a finite upper limit.
  3. Hochpaß filter (Engl. high-pass filter; Hochpaß filter). A Hochpaß filter is a (wave) filters with a single discount (band) which is a certain critical or (lower) limit will be greater than 0 Hz, to infiniten frequency.
  4. Low-filter (Engl. low-pass filter; low-filter). A low-filter is a (wave) filters with a single discount (band) which is from 0 Hz to a certain critical or (upper finite) frequency.
  • Note: A Multiple Bandpaß filter consists of two or more Bandpaß filters in parallel circuit.
Flatterecho

(Engl. flutter echo; Flatterecho): Flatterecho is a (periodic) Multiple Echo (see Echo).

frequency spectrum

(Frequency): The frequency of a periodic time is the function of the basic Reziprok period (see period). The unit of frequency is the Hertz (Hz).

  • Note: The Hertz is the vibration per second.
Frequency interval

(Engl. frequency interval; frequency interval): See interval.

Frequency group

(Engl. critical band; frequency Group): The group is the one frequency band within which the hearing in the formation of the sound volume intensity, in the formation of a sinus Mithörschwelle sound, the sound intensity interference added see Critical Band [NTG 1704].

Frequency group level

(English band critical level; frequency group level): The frequency group level is the sound pressure level of that sound share, in a certain frequency group falls [NTG 1704].

Frequency pitch

(Engl. frequency pitch; frequency pitch): The frequency pitch is a measure of the pitch. It is gained by a sine wave with a defined sound level using a frequency change on the same pitch as the sound set to be assessed [NTG 1704].

Frontalebene

(Engl. frontal plane; Frontalebene):

  1. The Frontalebene is a vertical level, the body in a front and a rear part divided. It is perpendicular to the horizontal plane (median level).
  2. The Frontalebene is a reference level, to describe the characteristics of the hearing is used. It is perpendicular to the horizontal plane and cuts the upper limits of the external auditory canals [NTG 1704].
Frontaleinfallendes free field

(Engl. front-incident free sound field; sound field, frontal): In a frontaleinfallenden, free sound field, the observer directly with the face of a single sound source with free progressive waves attention.

G

Hearing

(Engl. auditory system; hearing): The auditory system is an organ system that is listening. In humans, is generally a peripheral auditorisches system and a key distinction.

noise

(Engl. noise; noise): A noise is an irregular, intermittent or statistically random vibration. A noise can continue stable, unstable, or pulse.

When a noise is to DIN 1320 is a sound signal, which usually does not constitute a sound event characterized as Machinery and vehicle noise. From this definition, the random, disorderly nature of noise out because it is Tongemische, composed of many individual sounds together. The noise is therefore an audible signal with a number of frequencies, between which there is no a legal context, as example at the sound of the case. Even when there may be periodic noises operations individual tones emerge, through which a wide band marked noise overlaid share. Such individual tones increase the effect of noise interference and are therefore substantially in the measurement result by a so-called Tonzuschlag.

speed

(Engl. velocity, speed): Speed is a vector of temporal change of the geographic location of a particle in relation to a specified reference point. The amount of the vector is derived from the ratio of the previous path (Wegabschnitt) of a particle (linear movement) and the necessary time (period).

(changing the place) / (change of time) = (later position - former position) / Δ t
v = (f (t + Δ t) - f (t)) / (Δ t) is the average speed.

If the amount of the time constant speed (average), is the movement as a uniform. For a description of the instantaneous velocity (speed moment) a ungleichförmigen movement is the average speed to increasingly smaller time interval. If you go after 0 Delta, obtains:

v = lim (Δ t to 0) (f (t Δ t) - f (t)) / (Δ t)
  • Note: If the reference point trägheitslos, the speed often called the relative speed.
speed level

(Engl. velocity level; speed level): The speed level (in decibels) of a sound is 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of particles speed of sound to a reference-speed particles. The reference particles speed must be explicitly.

equal tempered scale

(Engl. equally tempered scale; equal tempered scale): An equal tempered scale is a musical scale, caused by the breakdown of the octave into a certain number (usually 12) equal intervals to distante (cents).

  • Note: the division follows a geometric series.
cutoff, rated, top, bottom

(Engl. nominal upper and lower cutoff frequencies; cutoff): The upper and lower (nominal) cut a filter Druchlaßbereiches (Paßband) are those frequencies above and below the maximum output frequency of a filter, where the output of a signal to sinusoidalen 3 dB below the maximum value.

fundamental frequency

(Engl. fundamental frequency; fundamental frequency): The fundamental frequency of a periodic size is the frequency of that component sinusoidalen the same period as the regular size.

H

Halligkeit

(Engl. reverberance; Halligkeit): Under Halligkeit is hearing characteristics of the event, to give the impression that in an area other than the direct sound delayed (eg reflective) is sound, not a repetition of the direct sound is perceived [NTG 1704 ].

radius Hall

(Hall radius): The Hall radius is the distance from a sound source in a closed room in which the received direct sound energy equal to the received reflected (diffuse) Sound Energy (NTG 1702).

Hallmaß, Hall distance

(Hallmaß): The logarithmic Hallmaß is the ratio of reflected to direct sound energy received (NTG 1702).

Hall room

(Engl. reverberation room; Hall room): A Hall area is an area that has a long reverberation time, and specially equipped to the sound field is located so vague as possible.

Harmonic

(Engl. harmonic; harmonic): A Harmonious is a sinusoidale size with a frequency that an integer multiple of the frequency of a periodic quantity, to which they related.

harmonics, aurale

(Engl. aural harmonic; Aurale harmonic): A aurale Harmonic is a harmonic in the auditory system is formed.

audibility

(Engl. audibility; audibility): The audibility individual spectral pitches part of a sound tones by the Hörbarkeitspegel or level surplus (Engl. SPL Excess). A surplus level> 0 means that the question Teilton a Spektraltonhöhe. [TER].

Hörbarkeitspegel

(SPL excess) (Engl. audible level (SPL Excess); Hörbarkeitspegel): The Hörbarkeitspegel one (sinusoidalen) Part sound a sound is his level of the masked threshold (almost Mithörschwelle, masked threshold) of the sound. The masked threshold is less relevant part of the sound itself. [TER].

listening area

The human ear has an exercise area for sound vibrations, whose frequency between about 16 and 20 000 vibrations per second (Hertz). The listening area also in relation to the sound pressure and a lower limit, called the hearing threshold. The sound pressure (more precisely: Sound Exchange pressure;) corresponds to the pressure of sound waves and is for. I.Lautstärkeempfindung; relevant than ever greater pressure this fails, the more energy is the sound waves. Above the pain threshold is listening event with pain sensations.

The values for the listening area (sound prints) include a scale, which will take place between 0.00002 Pascal (Pa) and 200 of a total of 7 Pa last ten what the amazing power of perception Sinnesorganes ear documented. At the same time, it is clear that one of the absolute sound pressure levels based linear volume scale because of the large margin of the numerical values would be extremely inappropriate.

The hearing threshold (at 2000 hertz) the sound pressure 2.10-5 Pa assigned to what is happening in the dB volume scale the noise level value of 0 dB. At the upper end of the scale, is the pain in sound level value 140 dB, the sound pressure is then 200 Pa.

hearing sensation

(Engl. auditory sensation; hearing sensation): Hearing is the perception by a hearing on acting sensation caused irritation. The hearing is feeling sensation in sizes divisible.

  • Note: If there is ambiguity, the prefix hearing sensation eliminated. The term hearing sensation is also a synonym for the hearing event.
listening event

(Engl. auditory event; hearing event): listening event is the auditory perception object, the oh synonym for the hearing sensation.

listening area, Hörfeld

(Engl. auditory field, auditory sensation area; listening area): The hearing is the surface area of perceived sine tones in a level-frequency chart. It is limited by the absolute hearing and the pain threshold.

listening level

(English sensation level listening level;): The hearing level is the sound pressure level in decibels of sound above the hearing threshold of an individual person or group of persons. It is calculated from the difference between the sound pressure level and the hearing threshold of sound.

listening room

(Engl. auditory space; listening room):

  1. The listening room is the physical volume within which Schälle be localized.
  2. The listening room is the set of all places listening event [NTG 1704].
Hörsamkeit

(Hörsamkeit): Under Hörsamkeit is the suitability of an area for certain sound performances [NTG 1704].

hearing sound

(Engl. audible sound; hearing sound): Audio sound is sound in the frequency range of human hearing (about 16 Hz to 16 kHz). [NTG 1704].

hearing threshold

(Engl. hearing threshold; hearing threshold): syn threshold, absolute.

hearing loss

(Engl. hearing loss, hearing loss):

  1. The hearing loss is a concept that the waste describes the auditory sensitivity.
  • Hearing loss is the difference between the threshold of a listening ear and normal hearing threshold [NTG 1704].
  • Note: As a test sound is usually (intermittent) sine wave (see audio grams). This allows the hearing loss as a function of frequency may be indicated.
background noise

(Engl. background noise; background noise): As the background noise is the sum of all sources of interfering in a system which is intended for the production, detection, measurement, or recording a signal, regardless of the presence of the signal.

  • Note 1: environmental noise, detected, measured, or taken with the signal is a part of the background noise.
  • Note 2: In this definition is included interference, primarily from the power supply and usually results Brumm (hum).
horizontal plane

(Engl. horizontal plane; horizontal plane):

  1. A horizontal plane, a reference level, the body into an upper and lower part is divided.
  2. The horizontal plane is a reference level, to describe the characteristics of the hearing is used. It is perpendicular to Frontalebene and goes through the upper limits of the external auditory canals and the lower edges of the eyes caves [NTG 1704].

I

Subsonic frequency

(Engl. infrasonic frequency, subsonic frequency; subsonic frequency): A subsonic frequency is a frequency, below the audio frequency range.

intensity

(Engl. intensity;): See sound intensity.

intensity level

(Engl. intensity level;): See sound intensity level.

Interaural

(Engl. interaural; Interaural): The property interaural word refers to the conditions that prevail in both ears.

Interaurale intensity difference

(Engl. interaural intensity difference; Interaurale intensity difference): The Interaurale intensity difference in outside the median level is sound events occurs, with the left or right localization evaluated.

Interaurale phases, time difference

(Engl. interaural phase; Interaurale phases, time difference):

  • The Interaurale time difference, when outside the median level is sound events occurs, with the left or right localization evaluated.
  • The Interaurale phase difference is the stage (or time) difference between the signal and / or noise parameters to one ear and the signal and / or noise parameters to the other ear. This difference is usually in reference to a Radiant expressed ear.
  • Note 1: Typical signal (S) and noise (noise, N) combinations: 
        Nm Sm - (monotisch, m) signal and noise only to a headphone.
        N0 Sm - (mixed, dichotisch) signal to one ear; phase noise in both ears.
        Np Sm - (mixed, dichotisch) signal to an ear, noise opposition to both ears, the noise is p Radiant (180 °) to a headphone postponed.
        N0 S0 - (homophasisch, diotisch) signal and noise in-phase two headphones.
        Np Sp - (homophasisch, dichotisch) signal and noise to p Radiant postponed (a headphone is reversed).
        Np S0 - (opposition, dichotisch) signal in phase in both ears; noise Radiant moved to p (noisy opposition).
        N0 Sp - (opposition, dichotisch) signal p Radiant postponed (opposition); noise in phase in both ears.
        Nu S0 - (heterophasig, dichotisch) signal in phase in both ears, noise uncorrelated to the two ears (two independent noise sources).
        Nu Sp - (heterophasig, dichotisch) signal p Radiant postponed (opposition) to both ears, noise uncorrelated to the two ears (two independent noise sources).
  • Note 2: The two ears are identical and the chosen Referenzohr is so determined that the phase difference between 0 and p, or the time difference is positive.
  • Note 3: Interaurale phase differences of the signal and noise are usually between 0 </ = () </ = p, for example, Np / 2 Sp / 2 They are in Subscript for S () and / or N () breaks specified.
  • Note 4: A decimal for the Subscript u between -1.00 <u <+1.00 in the condition NuS () indicates the amount of interauralen correlation of the noise, for example N + .9 Sm The direction of the correlation must always be specified by the sign, with the phase is the same for each ganzzahlen number of Radiants, it should be np / p.
  • Note 5: If a large number of Subscript, so that the sound pressure level difference, in decibels (dB), between the signal and / or noise in one ear, relative to signal and / or noise in the other ear means, such as N20Sm.
internalisation

(Engl. internalization; internalisation): Eng. Internalization is the perception of a sound, the inside of the head near the head is located. The sound may be the listener through headphones (or similar) be offered, see the head localization.

  • Note 1: It is thought that etc. with headphones performance by the lack of interauralen sound pressure level and phase (time) differences, which are usually caused by head movements, the externalization prevented.
  • Note 2: headphones performance also changed the Außenohrübertragungsfunktion (pinna) significantly, so internalization occurs.
interval

(Engl. interval; interval): The interval between two values x1 and x2 size is a one-dimensional by | x2 - x1 |.

  • Note 1: A interval between two Schällen is defined by its frequency or pitch spacing, depending on the existing context.
  • Note 2: A measure frequency interval [NTG1704], [DIN 13 320] is expressed by the frequency ratio or by the logarithm of the frequency ratio (see cents). Musical pitch distances are usually frequency ratios, ratios between two values x1 and x2 assigned and not the difference.
  • Note 3: in ANSI S3.20-1973 frequency interval is also in the degree of frequency interval.
Intraaural

(Engl. intraaural; Intraaural): The property intraaural word means in the (external) ear arranged [NTG 1704].

Isophone curve

(Engl. isophonic contour; Isophone): A isophone Contour is a curve, which are associated with those sound pressure level and frequency values, in a typical trial defined Abhörbedingungen person under a certain size of a specific cause auditory sensation. The specific sensation, such as loudness, pitch, volume (tonales) or density (tonal) should always be specified (see the same volume curves).

K

Category

(English category; category): subdivision of a continuum (such as Category 5, the real numbers in the range of 4.5 to 5.5); group together related words (such as tools: hammer, pliers, saws); area of sensory attributes (eg Gradations of blue). See categorical perception.

perception categories

(Engl. categorical perception, perception categories): perception, designated categories. Z.B. in the western music are intervals in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 semitones as small thirds.

sound

(Engl. complex tone, sound, sound): syn Complex clay.

  1. Under sound is an audible sound wave, the simple sinusoidale components with different frequency and amplitude usually contains different (sound: complex tone).
  2. A complex sound is a sound sensation caused by more than one pitch is characterized.
  3. Under sound is a listening sound of several shades of [NTG 1704], [DIN 1320].
  4. Harmonic sound (Engl. complex harmonic tone; harmonic sound). Harmonic sounds are nichtsinusförmige, periodic sound waves, the simple additive from different tones (sine tones, harmonic) with the frequencies 1f1, 2f1, ... , (N-1) f1, nf1, which are integral to each other in a relationship, assembled.
  • Note: sounds can typically more than one pitch causing sensation. They are supported by their frequency spectrum.
timbre

(Engl. timbre; tone):

  1. Timbre is the property of a auditory sensation that a listener two in the same way Samaritans Schälle the same loudness and pitch the same cause as a different judge.
  2. Timbre is next pitch, volume and other properties, a characteristic of the hearing sensation, which is multidimensional on different scales can express, for example bright-dark or sharp-dull, etc. The tone is essentially through the course of the spectrum determined [NTG 1704].
  • Note: the timbre depends primarily from the spectrum of the stimulus, but also by the wave form, the sound pressure, the situation in the spectrum of frequencies and the temporal characteristics of the stimulus (A).
combination Ston

(Engl. combination tone; combination tone):

  1. A combination tone is a (secondary) tone that can be perceived when two loud (primary) sounds simultaneously presented. The Sekundärton can Differenzton or Summationston. A single pair of primary tones various combination can produce sounds.
  2. Combination sounds occur during the superposition of two or more sine tones in a nonlinear transmission system in addition [NTG 1704].
  • Note 1: combination tones can also be heard in aurale harmonic system.
  • Note 2: combination tones are by the nonlinear properties of the hearing founded.
  • Note 3: The term primary and Sekundärton is different from the masking experiments. Sekundärtöne are masked tones.
  • Note 4: A Differenzton is a combination sound with a frequency that is the same frequency difference between the frequencies of two primary tones or their overtones. A Summationston is a combination sound with a frequency that is equal to the sum of the frequencies of two primary tones or their overtones.
Complex sound

(Engl. complex tone; Complex sound):

  1. Under a complex sound is a sound wave, the simple sinusoidale components with different frequency and amplitude usually different (see sound).
  2. A complex sound is a sound sensation caused by more than one pitch is characterized (see sine wave, sound).
  3. A complex Tonkomponente (Engl. complex tone component; Tonkomponente Complex) is a complex tone as part of a sound (a musical note, a chord).
  4. A complex Tonempfindung) (Engl. complex tone sensation; Tonempfindung Complex) is the perception of a single pitch in the performance of complex tones (see Virtual pitch).
  • Note: The frequencies of the components of a complex sound can be used in a fractional ratio (or nearly whole) to a fundamental frequency are common (see harmonic sound). In this case, the waveform (almost) periodically and a single pitch is pronounced audible.
component, Tonale

(Engl. tonal component; tone): Under a tonal component is a waveform (usually periodic), which together with other components tonal (and possibly noise) added a new wave form (usually a realistic sound) is (see Teilton). [PAR]

conditioning

(Engl. conditioning; conditioning):

  1. Regular and influence invariant aspects of the environment on cognition.
  2. Learning induced reactions.
confidence

(Engl. confidence interval; CI): Konfidentintervall (confidence) is at a given distribution function, a variable range of values within which a certain percentage of the observations with a specified probability to lie, (eg normal distribution, 95% CI).

consonance

(Engl. consonance; consonance):

  1. Consonance is the phenomenon whereby a joint Samaritans sounds pleasing and pleasant sensation cause. [ANSI].
  2. Consonance includes the degree of good Zusammenklingens simultaneously or in a sequence presented tones. [PAR]
  3. Consonance is the harmony an independent, no resolution bedürfender harmony with predominantly koinzidierenden Teiltonfrequenzen and the resulting high level of merger.
  • Note 1: consonance depends on the roughness of tonality, pitch commonality, of the pitch distance, the context, the familiarity (with the musical material) and cultural conditioning.
  • Note 2: Psycho-Acoustic consonance is primarily by the absence of roughness.
Context

(Engl. context; context):

  1. Context, musical: all sensations which simultaneously available to us, in a special memory chunk of sensory perception.
  2. Context entropy: information content related symbol aggregates (see time window).
masking Kontralaterale

(Engl. contralateral masking; masking, Kontralateral): Kontralaterale masking is masking that arises when the maskierende Schall (Masker) offered an ear, is strong enough to ear at the other one (Maskierungs) evoking effect.

  • Note: Kontralaterale masking is distinguished from Central masking.
Correct rejection warp

(Engl. correct rejection, correct dismissal; Correct rejection warp): Correct rejection or warp is correct in that event detection in a situation during a specified interval observation means in which to a "plain noise" stimulus (input) a "plain - Noise "answer (output) efolgt P (N | n) see also hit, Wrong alarm, correct rejection ..

  • Note: Correct warp and a false alarm close mutuell from each other in a plain noise stimulus.
Critical Volume

(Engl. Critical Band)

  1. The Critical Band (for the loudness) is the band within which the loudness a continually distributed sound (noise) with constant sound pressure level (SPL) regardless of the bandwidth.
  2. The Critical Band (for escaping)) is that a band sound, a part of a broadband noise with continuous spectrum, which is the same sound as a performance at the center frequency of the strip lying sine wave, in the presence of broadband noise is audible is.
  • Note 1: With just heard is meant audible in a specified number of attempts.
  • Note 2: The use of the Kritischen band to estimate the masking should be restricted to masking by noise with continuous spectrum without excessive peaks or irregularities (in the frequency range) and to cases in which the masking exceed 15 dB.
  • Note 3: For a sine wave in a broadband noise with continuous spectrum is just audible, the level of the sine tone in dB the spectrum of the continuous noise level (at the same frequency) by 10 log10 of the ratio of Kritischen bandwidth (for escaping) Unit bandwidth. The antilog (base 10) by 1 / 10 of Kritischen ratio (Critical ratio) in dB is equal to the bandwidth of the Kritischen band (for escaping).
Critical damping

(Engl. critical damping; critical damping): The Critical damping is the minimum visköser to a damping system allows ausgelenkten to its original position without oscillation (oscillation) return.

Critical Maskierungs ratio

(Engl. critical masking ratio; Critical Maskierungs ratio): See Critical Band, Rekognitions differential.

ball wave

(Engl. spherical wave; ball wave): A ball wave is a wave at the wave fronts concentric spheres (see spherical wave).

the same volume curves

(Engl. equal loudness contour; curves same volume): A curve equivalent (constant) Volume (syn volume contour; loudness contour; loudness level contour) those assigned to each other SPL and frequency values, which in a typical experimental person under a certain defined Abhörbedingungen Volume sensation (loudness) cause.

  • Note: The same volume curves were originally intended for sinus tones, but also for other spirit narrowband signals.

L

Noise

(see also noise, Eng. noise, noise):

  1. Noise is any unwanted sound. In a broader sense is any unwanted noise Disturbanz within a frequency band used as undesirable (electric, acoustic, etc.) waves in a transmission channel or device.
  2. Hearing noise is noise, the silence or a deliberate noise disturbs performance, or hearing sound, one of harassment or ill health leads [NTG 1704], [DIN 1320].
noise risk

(Engl. risk of hearing impairment; noise, hearing risk): The noise risk (risk of hearing damage) is the difference between the percentage of people with hearing problems exposed in a group (noise group) and the percentage of people with hearing impairment in a lärmfreien ( but otherwise equivalent) group.

Lateralisation

(Engl. lateralization; Lateralisation): Auditorische Lateralisation is the attempt by a person made to determine the direction of a sound appears, left or right of the frontal median level of the head.

  • Note 1: Auditorische Lateralisation is usually limited to Schälle, through headphones or bone line vibrators presented or if Freifeldschälle head movements of the head can be prevented.
  • Note 2: Identical sound stimuli in both ears appear centered on the median level of the head. In dichotischen stimuli with interauralen differences in the period, phase or amplitude shifts the position of appearing against that sound ear, which the earlier arrival time, the leading phase and / or the higher amplitude (see also localization, Binaurales Trading ratio, Präzedenzeffekt) .
  • Note 3: Auditorische Lateralisation is not limited to the head localization.
loudness

(Engl. loudness; loudness):

  1. The loudness is the characteristic feature of an auditory sensation in their units sound events (Schälle) on a scale from soft to loud to be classified. The unit of loudness is the Sone.
  2. Loudness is a feeling size, on a scale from quiet to loud scaled. The unit of loudness is the Sone. A sound with a volume of 40 Phon has definition, the loudness Sone 1 [NTG 1704], [DIN 1320].
  • Note 1: loudness depends primarily on the sound pressure of the appeal, but also on the frequency (pitch) and the waveform (spectral composition, tone color) of the appeal.
  • Note 2: the loudness calculated in a stationary Schalles Sone, is following in relation to the volume level in Phon:
ns = 2 (L-40) / 10 where: ns = loudness in Sones L = the volume level in Phons.
The above formula can be approximated by: log10 ns ~ 0.03010 (L - 40)
  • Note 3: the specified relationship defines the value of the Sone (unit of loudness) as a Schalles loudness for the volume level 40 Phon.
  • Note 4: a doubling of loudness represents an increase of Lautstärkepegels by 10 Phon, a halving the loudness equivalent to a decrease in Lautstärkepegels by 10 Phon.
  • Note 5: the above relationship was established in the field from 20 to 120 Phon experimentally confirmed. Outside of this area is to be regarded as extrapolation.
  • Note 6: Lautheitsskala is a relationship between the loudness and the level above the threshold (sensory level, sensation level) of a specific handset. When comparing Lautheitsdaten in Sone and sound pressure level units (dB SPL) or at the averaging of Lautheitsskalen different listeners are the (individual, measured or adopted) thresholds to specify them.
  • Note 7: since Lautheits values by subjective judgments obtained, they may differ depending on the psychophysical testing procedures to apply. The conditions under which Lautheits values collected are always explicit. Specific details and approaches for the calculation of Lautheits values of octave-and-third octave bands (1/3-Oktave) measurements are in ISO recommendation R532 (1966). Methods of calculating the Lautstärkepegels (A, R131, see also 1959).
  • Lautheitsfunktion to S. Stevens.
speaker

(Engl. loudspeaker; speaker): A speaker is an electro converters for the purpose of radiation acoustic performance in the air, while the acoustic wave is essentially equivalent to electrical input.

volume level

(Engl. loudness level; volume):

  1. The (judged) volume level of an Schalles in Phon, is numerically equal to the mean sound pressure level in decibels (dB re 2. 10-5 N/m2) of a 1000-hertz tone reference to the test persons in the form of a frontal incident sound wave in a free Sound field and offered them in a certain number of experimental passages (eg 75%) as equal, according to the test shall be assessed.
  2. The (calculated) volume level of a sound, Phon, the loudness in Sones in the following relationship:
L = 40 + 10 ns log2 where: ns = loudness in Sones L = the volume level in Phons.
Accordingly, the (calculated) in loudness Sones: ns = 2 (L-40) / 10
The calculated volume level is the numerical value to identify the strength of a sound that comes out of the Terzpegelspektrum of sound, using non-evaluations (see DIN 45 631) is determined. The volume level is in Phon. For volume Ln 40 Phon following is associated with the loudness n in Sone:
Ln () / (Phon) = 40 + 33.32 lg (s) / (Sone) [NTG 1704], [DIN 45 631].
  • Note: the way an unknown sound to be heard must be determined and can be seen as one of the characteristics of this Schalles be considered.
  • Note: After Lautheitspegel values by subjective judgments obtained, they may differ depending on the psychophysical testing procedures to apply. The conditions under which Lautheitspegel values collected are always explicit. Specific details and approaches for the calculation of Lautheitspegel values are in ISO recommendation R131 (1959). Expressions for the physical and subjective dimensions of sound and noise and ISO recommendation R532. (Methods for calculating the Lautstärkepegels A, R131, see also 1959).
performance, sound

(Engl. sound power; sound power): See sound performance.

power density spectrum

(Engl. power spectral density; sound power density): The power density spectrum of a function X (t) is defined by the transformation:

where R (t) the autocorrelation function of X (t). S (w) is proportional to the medium density squared spectrum W (f) as follows:
  • Note 1: The factor 4p arises from the difference in frequency units 2p and the fact that both positive and negative frequencies for S (w) are allowed, resulting in a straight role.
  • Note 2: the power density spectrum is in the field of random vibrations for each class of physical parameters including displacement, velocity, pressure and acceleration used.
localization, Auditorische

(English localisation; localization): Auditorische localization is the provision (assignment) of appearing and / or distance of a sound source through a test person.

  • Note: Auditorische localization is primarily by the analysis interauraler phase or time differences in lower frequencies and by the analysis of interauralen sound pressure differences at higher frequencies accomplished. The transitional frequency for the dominance of the two signal parameters is about 1500 Hz
Localization

(English localisation; localization): Localization is the recognition of the direction and distance of a real or virtual sound source [NTG 1702].

localization, the head

(Engl. head-in-localisation, location, in the head): When the head localization is listening event at a place within the head perceived see internalization.

localization angle

(Localization angle): Under the localization angle is the angle at which a point source from the main microphone or from a listener appears seen in relation to the main direction [NTG 1702].

Air-hole bone conduction

(German air-bone gap; air-bone conduction hole): An air-bone conduction hole for one ear at a specified frequency, is the difference in decibels (dB) between the level at the hearing threshold for air line and bone conduction.

  • Note: The measurement must be specified.
Air Line

(German air conduction; Air Line): Air Line is the process whereby the sound through the ear canal (Engl. external acoustic meatus;) as part of the transmission path led to the inner ear.

M

N

neper

Neper (Np) (ger. Neper) is a unit used to express ratios, such as gain, loss, and relative values.

  • The neper is analogous to the decibel, except that the Naperian base e (2.718281828...) is used in computing the ratio in nepers.
  • The value in nepers, Np, is given by Np = ln(x1/x2), where x1 and x2 are the values of interest, and ln is the natural logarithm, i.e., logarithm to the base e.
  • One neper (Np) = 8.686 dB, where 8.686 = 20/(ln 10).
  • One dezibel (dB) = 0.1151 Np, where 0.1151 = ln(10)/20.
  • The neper is often used to express voltage and current ratios, whereas the decibel is usually used to express power ratios.
  • Np is a dimensionless unit (like dB).
  • The ITU recognizes both units.
nominal bandwidth

See bandwidth

O

R

reverberation

Reverberation (ger. Nachhall) is all sound due to reflexions measured in a closed system (room) after the sound source has stopped activity.

reverberation time

The reverberation time (ger. Nachhallzeit) is defined as the time needed the sound level reaches -60dB of average active sound level after stopping the sound source.

S

speech transmission index

Speech transmission index (ger. Sprachverständlichkeit) is a number between 0 an 1 representing the normal human ability to understand the contents of a spoken message based on sound properties. 0 represents a bad STI, 1 represents best STI. Derivates of the STI are RASTI (rapid speech transmission index) and STIPA (STI public address - a spezialized selection of representative data for public address applications).

T

U

V

W

Z

References

  • [ANSI] American National Standard Psychoacoustical Terminology (1973): ANSI S3.20-1973; Approved December 5, 1973; American National Standard Institute, Inc.
  • [YOST] Yost, William A. & Donald W. Nielsen (1977): Fundamentals of Hearing. An Introduction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston; New York.
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